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46)Some sort of Republic of Inhospitality

India Republic Day -- As India celebrates Republic Morning and the chests of an incredible number of Indians swell with pleasure at the thought of our enormous diversity and imagined army prowess it is well for you to reflect on what kind of Republic the has become. A republican form of government is not merely one out of which the head of express is not a hereditary monarch; rather the modern republic engraves the idea that sovereignty resides inside people and that the will of the people as expressed through all their representatives is supreme. Precisely what has however been critical to the idea of the republic everywhere is the notion involving inclusiveness. In this respect the reports that have been coming out of India in recent times tell a tale that is chill to the bones a tale which usually leaves behind a stench which no amount of sloganeering about Swachh Bharat or even a thing more than a symbolic wielding from the broom can eradicate. If inclusiveness is the touchsto...
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History

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While some descriptions of taxonomic history attempt to date taxonomy to ancient civilizations, a truly scientific attempt to classify organisms did not occur until the 18th century. Earlier works were primarily descriptive and focused on plants that were useful in agriculture or medicine. There are a number of stages in this scientific thinking. Early taxonomy was based on arbitrary criteria, the so-called "artificial systems", including Linnaeus's system of sexual classification for plants (Of course, Linnaeus's classification of animals was entitled "Systema Naturae" ("the System of Nature"), implying that he, at least, believed that it was more than an "artificial system"). Later came systems based on a more complete consideration of the characteristics of taxa, referred to as "natural systems", such as those of de Jussieu (1789), de Candolle (1813) and Bentham and Hooker (1862–1863). These classifications described empirica...
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Modern system of classification

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A pattern of groups nested within groups was specified by Linnaeus' classifications of plants and animals, and these patterns began to be represented as dendrograms of the animal and plant kingdoms toward the end of the 18th century, well before On the Origin of Species was published. The pattern of the "Natural System" did not entail a generating process, such as evolution, but may have implied it, inspiring early transmutationist thinkers . Among early works exploring the idea of a transmutation of species were Erasmus Darwin's 1796 Zoönomia and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique of 1809. The idea was popularized in the Anglophone world by the speculative but widely read Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , published anonymously by Robert Chambers in 1844. With Darwin's theory, a general acceptance quickly appeared that a classification should reflect the Darwinian principle of common descent. Tree of life representations became popul...
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